GUIDE
TO THE STRUCTURE OF DOST ENTRIES
This
chapter explains the structure of a DOST entry section by section and has been
devised to help users find their way through the complexities of the material.
It has not been possible to explain all styles of presentation in such a large
work but it is hoped that the majority have been covered. Inconsistencies are
inevitable in such a long term project, but, since its inception, editors have
aimed to present information in a lucid way. Users should look first at the
bold labels corresponding to 1-6 below to enable them to find the explanation
they seek.
DOST
consists of three types of entry:
- • large
entries of six or more quotations
- • small
entries of five or fewer quotations
- • variant
entries to guide the user to the entry in which all variant spellings of the
headword of the entry can be
found.
Large
and small entries comprise six major components:
- headword(s)
- part
of speech label(s)
- variant
spellings
- etymology
- definition(s),
which may be followed by a note paragraph
- quotation(s)
Structurally,
large and small entries differ in that the information in a large entry is
divided into paragraphs while the information in a small entry is divided by
dashes. Small entries are printed in a small typeface, whereas in a large
entry, the headword, variant spellings, etymology and definitions are printed in
a large typeface. This structure has been adhered to throughout the editing of
DOST.
From
A
to
H
variant entries are found at the back of the volume. From
I
onwards most variant spellings are to be found in the body of the dictionary,
although some are listed at the back of the volume up to
L.
From
M
onwards variant spellings are given in the main body of the dictionary
only.
Further
information on variant entries and supplementary material is given in sections
7
and
8
below.
LARGE
AND SMALL ENTRIES
1
Headword(s)
The
headword section comprises the spellings listed before the part of speech
label.
-
Headword(s)
The
headwords are placed before the part of speech label. There may be one or more
and they are representative of the major orthographic or phonological variants
of the word, e.g.,
Repine,
-pyne
or
Wylecot(e,
Welycot(e,
Walicot(e.
The first of these spellings may be chosen because it is the commonest as in
Tym(e
n.,
or, especially in earlier volumes, because it was closest in form to the
comparative material from which it was seen as deriving, e.g.,
Male
n.1
(OE
mál)
but
Nail
n.
(OE
naez(yogh)el),
Mele
n.1
rather than
meill
(OE
melo),
Moder
n.1
rather than
muder
(OE
módor).
Such ‘etymological’ spellings often coincide with the commonest
spelling.
-
Brackets and hyphens
- Brackets
around a
headword
Brackets
are placed around a first headword whose form is not recorded, to allow related
entries to be located sequentially, e.g.,
(Scuggy,)
Skuggy
adj.
which, without this convention, would be placed in
Sk-
somewhat distant from
Scug(g
n.
and
v.
- Brackets
within a
headword
The
use of brackets is a space-saving device, e.g.,
Scuncheo(u)n
represents
Scuncheoun
and
Scuncheon,
Scul(l
represents
Scull
and
Scul.
- Hyphens
within a
headword
The
use of hyphens is a space-saving device, e.g.,
Repine,
-pyne
represents
Repine
and
repyne.
See also
3.1
below.
2 Part of speech
label
The
main headwords are followed by the part of speech label. There may be more than
one part of speech label, as in
Scottis
adj.
and
n.,
both of which are of similar prominence in the entry or,
Sabothly
adv.
(adj.),
where the adverb is the predominant form. Brackets can also be used to offer
alternatives, as in
Unweit
(?ppl.)
adj.,
where the sense may be ‘not wet’ or ‘not having been
wetted’.
Parts
of speech are ordered in the dictionary as follows:
n.,
adj.,
adv.,
v.,
pres.
p.,
p.p.,
vbl.
n.,
ppl.
adj.,
prep.,
conj.,
interj.,
prefix
and
suffix.
Parts of speech are ordered within an entry as the commonest first followed by
others in decreasing order of occurrence, e.g., in
Scottis,
adj.
and
n.
there is a great deal more evidence for its use as an adjective than as a noun,
although the noun is still well-attested, but in
Sabothly
adv.
(adj.),
the adjective is comparatively uncommon.
A
homonym number is given to entries which share their spelling and part of speech
designation. This is to be found as a superscript accompanying the part of
speech label, as,
n.1,
n.2
3
Variant spellings list
Following
the part of speech label is a list of all the variant spellings available to the
editor other than those already listed as headwords. DOST lists and exemplifies
the earliest example of every variant spelling available to the editor.
However, the DOST archive, though vast, is not exhaustive and there may be
omissions. The variant spellings list usually begins with ‘Also:’.
The spellings are listed in groups separated by semi-colons. Division into
groups is made on the basis of commonality of features, primarily, the stem
vowel, also other distinctive spelling features of either vowels or consonants,
e.g.,
Va(i)lz(yogh)eant
is divided according to whether its ending is
–ant
(typical of an adjective) or
–and
or
–ing
(typical of a present participle). The two main sequences, separated by a
semi-colon, illustrate this division. Within each the stem vowels
(ai/a/e)
are ordered sequentially. The single
–ing
example forms a third division.
Va(i)lz(yogh)eant,
Va(i)lz(yogh)eand,
Valiant,
(ppl.)
adj.
and
n.
Also:
vailz(yogh)eantt,
-(y)eant,
-yeaint,
vaill(z(yogh))eant,
-ieant,
-yant,
wailz(yogh)eant,
wailleant,
-iant,
valz(yogh)ant,
-(y)eant,
-yeaunt,
-ien(t,
valliant,
walz(yogh)eant,
waliez(yogh)eant,
velz(yogh)eant,
-iant,
(velvet);
vailyeand,
vailleand,
-ande,
wail(l)z(yogh)eand,
wailyeande,
-z(yogh)en,
val(e)z(yogh)eand,
valez(yogh)and,
vallyeand,
valyand,
valiand,
walz(yogh)(e)and,
walieand,
walliez(yogh)(e)and,
-iand,
velz(yogh)eand;
vailyeing.
3.1
Hyphenated beginnings and endings
As
in the case of headwords, hyphens may be used to save space in listing variant
spellings, e.g.,
Reveng(e,
n.
Also:
ra-
and -vendge, -wen(d)ge;
-vange, -vainge; -vanche.
allows
for revenge, reveng,
ravenge, raveng, revendge, and so on,
although all possible spellings need not occur for this convention to be
used.
3.2
Brackets
3.2.1
Brackets within a form
Brackets
are used within a form as outlined in
1.2.2
above.
- Brackets
around a
form
3.2.2.1
Forms
thought to be erroneous or dubious in some way are included in round brackets,
as, e.g.,
(soibill),
s.v.
Sabill
n.1
or (satfilt,
saltflat), s.v.
Saltfat(t
n.
3.2.2.2
Those
forms found only in place-names are given in round brackets, at the end of the
listing, e.g.,
(winde,
windi,
wynde,
wyndi,
also, ? pl.
windes.),
s.v.
Wyndy
adj.
3.3
Subsets of forms
Subsets
of forms consist of plural, comparative, superlative and tense forms. When they
are listed separately, they are listed after their own headings, Pl., Compar.,
etc. In such subsets, ‘also’ is used to indicate that the forms
listed occur in addition to regular and predictable forms which are not listed,
e.g., Sallerie,
Sellarie,
n.
Also: sallery,
...salair(e. Pl. also
salleris,
sellaris.
3.4
Cross-references
Occasionally
cross-references to entries already in print may be found at the end of the
variant spellings list. These are in small capitals, the usual style for
cross-references. This style may be used to refer to an earlier entry, e.g.,
Cellarie
(s.v.
Sallerie
n.)
which is simply a variant of the entry in question.
- Etymology
The
variant spellings are followed by the etymology which is enclosed in square or
round brackets. The etymology lists cognates or comparators which are relevant
to the derivation of the word in question. They are given with the dates of the
earliest known examples. Significant texts and authors are named, e.g.,
Layamon, Cursor Mundi, Chaucer, Caxton.
- Etymology
in square
brackets
A
typical listing begins [ME and e.m.E. ...] thus immediately relating the word to
its closest relatives in contemporary or near-contemporary English. Up to the
end of
Q
forms were ordered according to the date of the first recorded example in the
Scots entry, i.e., if the first Scots example occurred before 1500 the order
would be [ME and e.m.E, ...]. However, if the first example was from the
16th
century the ordering would be [e.m.E. and ME ...], e.g.
Quiet,
n.
...[ME and e.m.E.
quiet(e,
quyet(e
(14th
c.)...] indicates that the earliest example in Scots is dated before 1500 (in
this case
c1380)
and that both
quiet(e
and
quyet(e
occur in ME during the
14th
century and continue on into the e.m.E. period.
Quietnes,
n.
...[e.m.E.
and late ME
quietnes
(1450)...] indicates that the first example recorded in Scots is later than 1500
(in this case 1545) but the word is first evidenced in English in the late ME
period (1400-1470) and is also evidenced in the e.m.E. period.
Nochtie,
a....e.m.E.
and ME
noughty,
ME
noz(yogh)ty
(14th
c.)...] indicates that
noughty
occurs in both ME and e.m.E and is recorded first in English in the
14th
century.
Nochtie
is not, however, recorded until the
16th
century in Scots (1520).
Noz(yogh)ty
occurs only in ME.
From
R
onwards, this finely tuned system was abandoned in favour of a simple listing of
relevant cognates and comparators in the typical order: ME, e.m.E., OE, ON,
MDu., MLG, or F., L., etc. This order is adhered to unless there is clear
evidence that another order is to be preferred, e.g., that the word has come
into Scots directly from another language, e.g.,
Sect(e,
n.
...[ME and e.m.E.
secte
(Chaucer),
sect
(Lydgate),
sekt
(1530), F.
secte,
OF also
siecte,
(c1155
in Larousse), L.
secta
a following, party or faction, a philosophical school, a class or profession, f.
sequi
to follow.]
The
earliest recorded instance of
Sect(e
in Scots is dated
a1500
and the typical order is adhered to. However, compare:
Sindic,
n.
...[F.
syndic,
syndique
(14th c. in OED), late L.
syndic-
advocate or delegate representing a town; cf. e.m.E.
sindique
(1601).]
The
earliest recorded instance of
Sindic
in Scots is 1531, pre-dating the English evidence by seventy years. The French
evidence is cited first since that is believed to be the closest comparator.
Compare also:
Scug(g,
n.
...[ON
skugge
a shadow.]
There
is no other evidence for this word and so only the ON comparator is
cited.
From
the later parts of
S
onwards, the usual style is the typical order outlined above: ME, e.m.E., OE,
ON, MDu., MLG, or F., L., etc., no matter what the relative datings of Scots and
English examples are.
4.1.1
Additional Information
Further
information is given as and when it is thought to be useful.
4.1.1.1
Meanings of comparators
In
general, the meaning of a comparator is cited when it differs significantly from
the senses of the entry, e.g.,
Schound,
n.
...[ON
sjaund
the seventh day, specif., a gathering, partly festal in nature, held on the
seventh day after a death, at which the debts of the deceased were paid and his
affairs settled, med. L.
septimus
(dies). Cf.
Norw. dial.
sjaund,
sjund
funeral feast.] In Orkney and Shetland: The formal legal division of the
property of a dead person.
4.1.1.2
Dialects
In
cases of particular interest or difficulty, more detailed information about,
e.g., the later or modern dialect, or French dialects may be given,
e.g.,
Tartan(e,
n.
...[OF
tiretaine
(1247) a sort of cloth half wool, half some other yarn (Godefroy Comp.), stuff
of which the weft is wool and the warp linen or cotton (Wartburg),
tridaine
(?14th c., toile de fil et de coton bleu et rouge),
tyretenne
,
tirtaine
(1449-1501),
tertaine
(1487) (all Wartburg), OF
tiret
a precious cloth, perhaps with influence from
futaine
fustian (Larousse), OF
tire
a cloth of silk orig. f. Tyre (Wartburg). Cf. also ME
tartaryn
(1343),
tartryn
(1359),
tartyn
(1454, E. E. Wills 133/2 ‘the testour & canape ther-to palid tartyn
white and rede’: MED suggests ? read
tartaryn
),
tartorne
(1462),
tartarne
(?1476), OF
drap
tartarin
(1295), MF
tartarin
(1342-1423),
tartaine
(c1400,
Lille) (Wartburg), orig. a precious or rich cloth f. Pers.
Tātār.
Cf.
Tartar
n.]
The
status of a word in the later or modern dialect is given only where it is
thought to be of particular value, e.g.,
Sist(e,
v.
...[L.
sistere
to cause to stand, redupl. form of
stāre
to stand. Also in the modern dialect, chiefly in legal use.]
The
absence of mention does not mean that the word is not evidenced in later
Scots.
4.1.1.3
Internal Cross-references
A
cross-reference to a source or comparator in Scots itself is frequently added at
the end of the listing, e.g.,
Saltfat(t,
n.
...[OE
sealtfaet,
ON
saltfat;
Salt
n.1
and
Fat
n.1]
This
list makes no judgment as to whether the entry derives from OE, ON or is a new
combination of
salt
and
fat.
In the following example, the Scots word is recorded first in 1428, sixty-five
years earlier than in English.
Salt-pan,
n.
[North. e.m.E.
salt-panne
(1493);
Pan
n.1
6.]
In
earlier volumes, internal cross-references are made to related entries which
would have been edited as a single entry according to the editorial policy in
later volumes, e.g.,
Calsay,
n.
...[ME.
(rare)
caulcé,
calcey,
calsey,
etymological respelling of
caucé,
causé
Causay.
See also
Casay.]
Casay,
n.
...[Var. of
Calsay.
Cf.
Cassay
n.]
Cassay,
n.
...[Var. of
Casay
and
Calsay.]
Causa(y,
n.
...[Variant
of
Causé,
with change of
-é
to
-a
and
-ay
as in
allya,
etc. Cf.
Calsay
and
Casay.]
Causé,
n.
...[ME.
causé,
cawsé,
caucé,
ONF.
caucié(e.
The ending in Sc. normally changes to
-a(y,
and the original
-é
forms are rare.] =
Causay,
Calsay.
(Cf. also
Causey.)
Causey,
Cawsey,
later spellings of
Causay
n.
Parson(e,
n.
[ ME. and e.m.E.
parsoun
(c1325),
-on,
AF.
parsone,
MF.
parsoune
(1466 in Godef.) a parson. Cf. also
Person(e
n.]
Person(e,
n.
[ME. and e.m.E.
persone
(Ancr. R.),
-un
(Cursor M.),
-oone
(Wyclif),
-on,
OF. and AF.
persone
(mod. F.
personne),
L.
persōna.
Cf.
Parson(e
n.]
Similarly,
in later volumes, cross-references are made to earlier entries from entries
which, according to the editorial policy of the later volumes, would have been
amalgamated with the earlier entries:
Seremo(u)n,
n. [Var. of
Ceremony
n.,
q.v. for further examples.]
According
to later editorial policy
Seremo(u)n
would have been included in
Ceremony
n.
Cross-reference is also made to an entry which for some reason the editor wishes
to keep separate:
(Ruk,)
Ruck. ?
Erron. for or ? var. of
Rak
n.1
2.
Dictionary
policy at all periods has usually been to keep such entries separate where the
connection to the cross-referred entry is, for some reason, not entirely clear.
In this case it is phonological but the possibility exists that it might be
semantic.
From
T
onwards, many transparent cross-references are omitted, e.g., where noun and
verb are clearly related:
Tran(e,
n.
...[ME and
e.m.E.
trayne
(Manning),
treyne
(c1400),
trane
(c1460),
OF
traïne,
f.
traïr
to betray.]
Trane,
v.
...[ME and
e.m.E.
trayne(n
(?a1400),
treyne
(1412-20),
train
(1526), OF
traïner,
trahiner.]
There
is no cross-reference to
Tran(e
n.
in the etymology of
Trane
v.,
just its comparators in English and French. This is no more than a device to
save time and space and has no implications for the route whereby
Trane
v.
arrived in the language.
In
some instances the entire etymology consists of a cross-reference to another
entry or entries, e.g.,
Sequell,
adj.
[Sequel
n.]
Here
the adjective is an attributive use of the noun and all relevant comparative
information will be found in the etymological section of the noun. In the
following examples the two elements of the compound noun are cross-referred
to:
Lance-staf(f,
n.
...[Lance
n.1;
Staf(f
n.]
Psalm(e)-buke,
n.
...[Psalm
and
Buke
n.]
4.1.1.4
Treatment of Old French
When
P-S
was edited, OF forms were systematically checked in one of the relevant French
dictionaries
and a reference made to the source of forms quoted. Forms cited by OED but not
found in any French dictionary are cited in DOST as (OED). From
T
onwards, this level of checking could not be sustained and, except for
particular cases, the former practice of citing French forms as found in OED was
resumed.
4.1.1.5
Miscellaneous information
Other
self-explanatory descriptions may be given as (part of) the etymological
section, e.g., Only Sc., Obscure, Onomatopoeic, Of doubtful origin,
etc.:
Scol(l,
n. ...[Only
Sc. till the
19th
c. Norw., Dan.
skall,
ON
skál,
whence also
Scale
n.1
Perhaps,
OED conjectures, 'introduced through the visit of James VI to Denmark in
1589'.]
Sindledort,
n.
[Of obscure origin, perhaps from ME
sindal
var. of
sendal
(Sandal(e
n.),
combined with the name of a town (? Dortmund).]
Wa(u)cht,
v.
...[?
Onomatopœic. Cf. e.m.E.
quaft
(1523),
quaught
(1530),
quaff
(1555-8).]
a.
intr.
To drink alcohol in copious quantities.
b.
tr.
To drink (wine), empty (a cup)
out.
c.
transf.
To lose or damage (the mind) by drinking.
Scuffe,
v.
...[?
Imitative in origin; cf.
Scrufe
v.]
Scudle,
v.
[Back-formation f. prec.]
S(c)hottill,
n.
...[Of
doubtful origin ? f.
S(c)hut
v.,
or ? a dimin. ultim. f.
S(c)hot
n.
l
(cf. LG
schot
a drawer); or perhaps a conflation of these.]
Unliwit,
p.p.
[? Put for or erron. for *unlibbit...]
The
convention ‘Sc. var. of’ was also used up to and including volume
VI:
(Min-,)
Mynz(yogh)ell,
n...[Sc.
var. of
Monz(yogh)eal(l
n.
.. cf.
Mungall
and
Menz(yogh)ell.]
Mungell,
-all,
n.
[e.m.E.
muniall
etc.: cf.
Minz(yogh)ell
and
Monz(yogh)eall.]
Menz(yogh)ell,
n.
...[OF
meigneaul
(F.
meneau):
cf.
Minz(yogh)ell
and
Mungall.]
Monz(yogh)eal(l,
n.
...[ME
moynell
(1330),
moniel
(1379),
munell
(1426-7), e.m.E.
monyal
(c1540),
-yelle,
munial
(1569), OF
moinel,
monial.
Cf.
Minz(yogh)ell,
Menz(yogh)ell
and
Mungall.]
From
volume VII onwards, the practice of using [Sc. var. of .. ] was discontinued and
the above entries would have been edited as a single entry according to the
editorial policy adopted thereafter.
4.1.1.6
Use of the question mark (?)
The
question mark (?) is used as in the examples above to give conjectural
information. For the use of the question mark in the etymology, see
4.2.
4.1.1.7
Notes
Notes
supply extra information of any sort. They occur
per
se only in
large entries and are given in smaller type and in a separate paragraph. In
some instances notes may be given in the etymological section. In these cases
they begin a new paragraph within the etymology. See
Scol(l
example in
4.1.1.5
above. Notes may also occur between the etymology and the section dealing with
sense analysis. A note containing information that applies to the whole entry
will occur here, e.g.,
Outgate,
n.
...
Uncommon
before the late
16th
c. Very common thereafter, esp. in sense 2.
4.2
Etymology in round brackets
Occasionally,
etymological forms and their definition are enclosed in round brackets. In
these cases, the quotations are left undefined, the definition within the round
brackets applying equally to them. All the characteristics outlined above also
apply to etymologies in round brackets, e.g.,
Scoured,
ppl. adj.
(Late ME
scoured
polished by rubbing, cleansed by rubbing with a detergent
(c1450).)
Siddishous,
n.
pl. (Of
obscure origin and meaning, ? perhaps a var. of
sideshow,
which however is not recorded by OED before 1855. Cf.
S(c)haw
n.
2)
The
entire etymological section can consist of (?) in instances where there is no
comparative or semantic information known, e.g.,
Silltage,
n.
(?)
The
above remarks cover the commoner styles in use in the etymology. Other styles
will be found but are largely self-explanatory.
- Definitions
The
etymology section and any notes are followed by the division into sections and
senses to show the semantic development of the word. In some complex entries,
in earlier volumes, an illustration of forms is also given before the senses,
see e.g.,
Be
v.,
Kepe
v.
5.1
Division into sections
The
definition section may sometimes begin with a section marker:
A.,
B., etc. or
I.,
II.,
etc.
5.1.1
Bold uppercase letters divide the entry into different parts of speech in
instances where division into separate entries is not the ideal way to present
the information, e.g.,
Sid(e)lingis,
adv.
and
prep.
...A.
adv.
...
B.
prep.
5.1.2
Bold uppercase roman numerals divide the entry on a semantic or syntactic basis.
There is frequently, but not invariably, a note following the section marker
describing the basis of the division, e.g.,
Spout,
n.
...I.
1. A pipe or
conduit for carrying away
a.
Rain-water.
b.
Other (semi-) liquid domestic waste from a
building...2.
A pipe or conduit whereby water is led from a
source...II.
3. A well.
Also in place-names.
In
this case the definitions make the distinction between
I.
and
II.
clear. However, compare:
Seg(e,
n.2...I.
A seat, in various
senses...1.
Something used for sitting
on,...2.
The seat of someone in authority, a
throne...II.
8.
A siege.
Here,
the common factor between the senses is specified at
I.
but this is not necessary for
II.
- Division
into
senses
Main
senses in large entries are chiefly numbered as
1.,
2.,
3.,
etc. Senses may be further divided as
a.,
b.,
c.,
etc. if all divisions are of equal status.
b.,
c.,
etc. may be used without
a.
if they are considered to be subsidiary aspects of the main sense,
e.g.,
Seg(e,
n.2
1.
Something used for sitting
on...b.
A bird’s
perch...4.
A bishopric or abbacy.
a.
The office,
position or authority of a
bishop...b.
The
territory under the jurisdiction of a bishop...
or:
Pest,
n.
...1.
Any virulent or epidemic disease; pestilence.
b.
spec.
The bubonic plague.
c.
A particular instance or outbreak of either of these.
When
the senses cannot be clearly distinguished in the evidence, they are listed
consecutively and followed by one paragraph of quotations, e.g.,
Particularité,
n.
...1.
a.
Self-interest;
regard to personal or private interests, private advantage.
b.
An instance of these.
c.
A private
grievance or feud.
The
quotations are divided into two paragraphs marked
sing.
and
pl.
Main
senses in large but uncomplicated entries may be numbered only as
a.,
b.,
c.,
etc., e.g.,
Particular,
a.
(adv.)
and
n.
...A.
adj.
Particular, in various applications.
a.
Specific to an individual thing or person.
b.
Pertaining to an individual person or group of persons and not others; private
and personal , not public.
c...
Senses
in small entries are only ever numbered as
a.,
b.,
c.,
etc.
5.3
Labels
The
sense number may be followed by a label, in italic, giving information,
frequently of a syntactic nature, about the use of the word, e.g.,
Passit,
p.p.1
and
ppl.
adj.
...1.
pred.
Past,
gone by; at an end...
2.
attrib.
Only
in post-positional use.
a.
Of
time...b.
After a
demonstrative...
Pese,
n.2...1.
coll.
or
plur.
without inflection.
Repose,
v.2...1.
intr.
...b.
reflex.
...c.
tr.
In
instances where all senses of a verb are
tr.
or
intr.,
this label immediately follows the etymology and no labels appear in the actual
senses, e.g.,
Represent
v.,
Stak(k)er
v.
Where labels are required within the senses
tr.
and
intr.
apply to all following senses until a new label is inserted, e.g.,
- tr.
...2.
...3.
intr.
...4.
...5.
tr.
Senses
1, 2 and 5 are transitive and 3 and 4 are intransitive.
Absol.
and
reflex.
do not transcend the senses. In rare cases the labels
tr.
and
intr.
may be used together if transitive and intransitive senses are not split
up.
A
label may function as the sole definition of a division. If there is no other
narrowing of the sense, the general meaning given in the main definition applies
with the additional constraint of the label, e.g., in sense
c.:
Vail(l,
n.
...1.
The headdress of a nun.
b.
To
tak the val,
to become a nun.
c.
transf.
5.4
Definitions
A
definition is used to describe each sense in an entry. Senses are usually
ordered chronologically. Typically this coincides with the development of
meaning, that is, the chronologically earliest recorded instances belong to the
basic sense or senses. Sometimes this is not the case, and the senses will then
be ordered logically to show the development of the word. Definitions are given
in as full a form as necessary for clarity, frequently including extra syntactic
or semantic information. They may consist of more than one sentence or short
definitions separated by commas or semi-colons. Rarely, in earlier volumes,
small print was used for parts of the definition, e.g.,
Pint,
n. ...A pint
in the usual senses and collocations.
a.
The measure of capacity for, chiefly, liquids; this amount
(of)
the liquid, or other substance specified.
Varying
in amount according to time and locality.
Also,
once,
pl.
without inflection.
Also,
in
fig.
context.
Nedil(l,
n.
...1.
A needle, the implement for sewing.
Also
with defining terms, as
miln-rynd
neidill, pak
or
pakking
nedill,
rasour
nedill, sail
nedill, q.v.
under the first elements.
Moull
and neidle,
see
Moul(l
n.
b...
b.
In allusive,
fig.
and proverbial use...
c.
Nedlis
ee, niddill
ei, etc.,
the eye of a needle as a type of something difficult to pass
through.
5.4.1
Syntactic information in definitions
Syntactic
information may also serve as a definition, e.g.,
My-self,
pron.
...1.
In emphatic use, in apposition to the pronouns
I,
me
or to one’s
name...2.
Used alone with pronoun
omitted...3.
In reflexive uses.
5.4.2
Classificatory information in definitions
A
definition can be preceded by a classification of some sort which is followed by
a colon and the definition proper, e.g.,
Mussellit,
ppl.
a. ...
1.
In heraldry: Having or wearing, a muzzle (of a certain colour).
Myte,
n.1...1.
A Flemish copper coin of very small
value...2.
Put for: A very small unit of money value.
Reservatio(u)n,
n.
...2.
In conveying property: The action or fact of retaining for oneself a right or
interest in the property conveyed...
Sely,
adj.
...1.
a.
Of a vision, etc.:
Holy...b.
Of a time or destiny: Fortunate...
2.
Of a person (esp. of a religious): Blessed...
3.
Innocent...b.
Said of the soul.
d.
Passing into: Humble...
Such
classifications can supply the whole of the defining material as in
Sely
adj. 3 b
above.
5.4.3
Forms of usage in definitions
Forms
of usage quoted (in italics) from the quotation material are frequently given as
subsidiary meanings, see, e.g.,
Pais,
n.2...1.
...c.
Of
pais, in
conformity with, or that conforms to, the prescribed or standard
weight.
5.4.4
Initial general ‘umbrella’ definitions
A
initial general definition may be given after the etymology and before the more
specific numbered definitions, e.g.,
Pint
n.,
(see 5.4 above) : ‘Pint in the usual senses and collocations.’ This
applies to the word as a whole. This form of definition was favoured especially
in volumes V and VI, e.g.,
Pinnakil(l,
n.1...A
pinnacle, in the usual senses.
1.
A small ornamental turret, usu. terminating in a pyramid or cone.
Pint,
n....A pint
in the usual senses and collocations.
Plesour,
n.
...Pleasure,
or a pleasure, in various senses and applications.
Procurato(u)r,
n.1...A
procurator...1.
The officer in charge of the finance and taxation of a province of the Roman
Empire...2.
One duly authorized to act for, or transact business on behalf of,
another;...
Purg(e,
v.
...To purge in various senses.
1.
To make physically clean...
This
style was discontinued in later volumes.
5.5.
Use of the question mark (?)
- • The
question mark (?) may be given as the definition in the absence of any
information as to the sense
e.g.,
Rehers(e,
n.
...1.
...c.
?
- • The
question mark (?) may be given along with a definition if there is uncertainty
as to the sense
e.g.,
Return,
v.
...10.
...b.
? To pay back (a person) harm for
(fra)
harm.
5.6
Use of the equals sign (=)
- • The
equals sign (=) may be used where the definition is the same as that of another
entry,
e.g.,
Obeisant,
a.
...=
Obeisand.
- • The
equals sign (=) may be used to mean ‘meaning’, ‘in the sense
of’,
e.g.,
Sit,
v.
...In particular,
p.t.
and
p.p.
forms in
set,
etc. = sat, seated, without causal implication, are included in
Sit
v.
5.7
Use of brackets in definition
Round
brackets can be used in a definition to indicate:
- • Alternative
information,
e.g.,
Myte,
n.1...3.
a.
(Not)
worth
ane mite
(thre
mytis),
(not) worth even a very small amount, (not) worth a jot, (not) worth anything at
all.
i.e.,
some quotes evidence the construction with ‘not’ others do
not.
Na
mar(e,
n.,
a.
and
adv.
...
3.
adv.
...e.
In no greater degree; to no greater extent; at no higher rate.
(Followed
by
than
etc.)
(1)
Scho..wandyt na mare for to sla Hym that scho gert ly hyr by Than hym that wes
hyr inymy;
Wynt.
II 62...The
Kyng of Ingland vil be na mair gracius.. to thé..nor he hes bene;
Compl.
162/28.
(2)
The leame pote that contenis the medicine dois na thing to the healing of the
patient na mair dois [etc.];
Davidson
Answer
214.
In
this entry, paragraph (1) evidences quotes with
than,
nor.
Paragraph (2) evidences quotes without the construction.
- • The
object of a verb or preposition,
e.g.,
Put,
v.
...2.
tr.
... To make
(an army, etc.) move or retreat in the direction stated, by force; to drive,
force.
...3.
To cause (a person or thing) to move by exerting some physical force, in a
direction or into a position expressed by an adverbial;...
Quench(e,
v.
...1.
tr.
To put out, extinguish, douse (fire, flame or something
burning);..2.
To extinguish, cool, (heat). ...
Wait,
v.
...8.
To put care and effort into the functioning of (an enterprise, etc.); to attend
(an occasion, etc.) for this purpose; to see to or run (a business, institution,
mechanism, etc.).
- • Explanatory
information,
e.g.,
Qualité,
n.
...4.
...c.
Applied to the four elementary properties (hot, cold, moist and dry) of medieval
physiology.
Quarter-land,
n.
...A
denomination of land equivalent to the quarter of a principal unit of
land-measurement, such as the davach or the ploughgate; in the West Highlands,
presumably rendering the Gaelic
ceathramh
or quarter
(sc.
appar. of the ‘tirung’ or ‘ounceland’.
- • Contextual
information without exemplification in the definition of the exact wording in
Scots,
e.g.,
Quharewith,
interrog.
and
rel.
adv.
...3.
In various other uses with specific noun antecedent.
As:
with which (to clothe, endow, charge, furnish; to infect; to join; to acquaint,
engage; etc.)
i.e.,
any verb of the type listed might be given.
Quha-sa-ever,
pron.
and
adj.
...
4.
adj.:
Whichever (person).
i.e.,
the quotation evidences
gentilman
but it could equally include any word for a person.
- • Cross-references
to other entries,
e.g.,
Nakitly,
adv.
...1.
a.
Openly, plainly, without concealment or reserve.
(Nakit
a.
9 b).
b.
By way of mere unconfirmed or unsupported affirmation.
(Nakit
a.
9 d, e).
Quha-sa,
pron.
...Whatever person or persons, anyone who, whoever; which ever one or ones; if
any person or persons; no matter who. (Cf.
Quha,
Quha-ever,
etc.)
Setting,
vbl.
n.
...I.
In the senses of I-X.
1.
a. Causing a
judicial body to sit
(Set
v.
2).
b.
Arranging a meeting
(Set
v.
3).
c.
Appointing (something to be done)
(Set
v.
4 f).
d.
Leasing (property, etc.)
(Set
v.
7).
e.
Something that suits, is suitable, or is well-fitting
(Set
v.
? 8 b or c).
- • Optional
information,
e.g.,
War(r)andy,
n.
...a.
Protection.
b.
Charter,
clause
of warrandy,
(part of) a document expressing the details of a legal obligation or
guarantee.
i.e.,
the construction in
b.
may signify a document or a part of a document.
5.8
Notes
Information
may be added as a note following the definition of the sense to which it refers,
e.g.,
Office,
n.
...2.
A publicly recognised position of service...
For
further examples see, e.g.,
Deprivatioun
n.,
Deprive
v.
i,
Forfalt
p.p.
b,
Malversatioune
n.,
Malverse
v.,
Ministratio(u)n
n.
8 a.
Also
common in the formula the office of
(admiralitie,
agentrie,
bailliery,
bellmanschip,
capitanry,
chancellarie,
etc., or
commissar,
javellour,
justice
clerk,
lawman,
lieutenant
general,
lioun,
etc.,) or
(mair
of fey)
office:
see the designations of particular offices or officers.
Peth
n.
...1.
As a place-name element in sense 2.
For
further examples and some discussion, see
Scottish
Studies VII
83-5. See also
Pathhead
and
Redpath
in Black
Surnames.
2.
a. A
cleft...
Also
attrib.
With
-heid
and
-fute
and
possess.
with
heid.
Chiefly
or only in central and southern Scotland.
This
layout was designed to save space. In later volumes such information, if not
extensive, is incorporated into the definition as the space saved by the smaller
type was frequently lost again by the need for a new paragraph.
In
earlier volumes, especially, the editor occasionally draws the reader’s
attention to the fact that a word is only evidenced in one author or work, e.g.,
Only in
Doug.,
or one sort of text, e.g. Only in verse.
- Quotations
Examples
of the use of a word are given following the definitions either in the form of a
quotation and reference or a reference only. The first example available to the
editor is always given in one of these two formats. Users must bear in mind
that the dictionary corpus is not exhaustive and that it is inevitable that
antedatings will be found.
Readers
should bear in mind that the original manuscript sources displayed many
individual features and many printed editions are not completely diplomatic.
Expansion of abbreviations, in particular, is often a preference of the editor.
DOST tends to expand manuscript abbreviations according to Scots forms, e.g.,
∫ is expanded to
sch
not
sh.
For the sake of clarity, abbreviations in editions tend to be expanded, e.g.,
Wm
is usually printed as William. Proper names and the first word in a line of
verse always begin with a capital letter. Elsewhere the capitalisation and
punctuation of editions has been amended where necessary for sake of consistency
and clarity.
6.1
Quoted material
Quotations
have been selected to illustrate the use of a word with regard to its semantic,
syntactic and geographical context. In a well-attested word, twelve quotations
will usually be given and, in some cases, as many as sixteen in any one
paragraph. Quotations may be given in a single paragraph or further divided on
a semantic, syntactic or orthographic basis. Divisions for syntactic or
semantic reasons, such as the sort of object a verb governs or what prepositions
a noun takes, are made in paragraphs numbered (1), (2), etc. This feature does
not appear in the dictionary until
D
and remains relatively rare until
L.
It is much more common between
O
and
S
and less common from
T-Z.
The reasons for these divisions are generally signalled in the definitions,
e.g.,
Restor(e,
v.
...1.
tr.
To give back
(a thing, also a non-material thing or person...)...Also
absol.
Also,
once, to
restoir
bak.
In
this entry quotations are divided into six paragraphs. Paragraphs (1)-(3) are
to give back a thing, a person and a non-material thing respectively, (5) is
to
restoir
bak,
(6) is
absol.,
(4) is not explained in the definition.
Quotations
may, occasionally, be further subdivided by a dash, e.g.,
Miln,
n.
...1.
A
corn-mill...c.
Attrib.
...(1) The landis callit myne
akyr
[infra
myle akyr]; 1547
Hunter
Fam. P. 25. With the mill
aiker; 1677
Galloway
P. 12 Oct.—Quo
mulneburne cadit in Ar; 1165-1214
Liber
Melros I 55. The milburne;
1512
Selkirk
B. Ct. MS. 17 b.
i.e.,
examples are divided according to what
miln
modifies.
Spelling
divisions are made using the markers
(a),
(b),
(c),
etc. Syntactic divisions are made using appropriate labels:
pres.,
p.t.,
p.p.,
(represented by
(a),
(b)
and
(c)
respectively in earlier volumes),
sing.
pl.,
compar.
and
superl.,
e.g.,
Mak,
v.1...23.
To cause to
be, to render.
a.
With adj. compl. Also
absol.
...
(1)
(a)
Thai sall baptis z(yogh)ow and mak Habile Cristis kinrik to tak;
Leg.
S. ii 231.
Ovre lord the Kyng..sall mak fre..the sexteyn ponde of anwell; 1397 Slater
Early
Sc. Texts No.
34...
(b)
It is the pwnt quhil makkis the long perfyt in muid;
Art
of Music 20
b. Work for nothing maks men deid sweir;
Carmichael
Prov.
No. 1661...
(c)
Justice makis riche..Bath king and knaif;
Liber
Plusc. 396.
Thou makist febill wight;
Doug.
iv
Prol. 43...
(b)
The king buskit and maid him z(yogh)ar;
Barb.
viii
409. Syke z(yogh)unge men..Of al hyre gud mad hyr so bare That [etc.];
Ib
xlvii 181...
(c)
Bath def & blynd is he mad;
Leg.
S. xxi 689.
All oure kynde.. Lyk made to God and schapyne wes In..hyslyklynes;
Wynt.
I 74...
(b)
The quhilkis has maid trouble that was clere undistroublit;
Hay
I 29/9. We..hes maid him lauchfull..to excers all lauchfull dedis; 1510
Reg.
Privy C. I
306/2...
(c)
I mycht..meed z(yogh)our courage les; J.
Stewart
II 60/132.
(d)
This was the first stap mead easie for the McKenz(yogh)ies;
c
1630
Highland
P. II
269.
(e)
The hardest hairt..With sueit meiknes it may be making soft;
Maitl.
Q. lxvi
72.
(2)
absol.
Hop[e]..Can weill mak blyth;
Ratis
R. (STS) 568.
Sum maikand glaid, and vther sum rycht sorie;
Lynd.
Test.
Pap.
369...
b.
To mak
(it) moy.., to behave
demurely..
c.
With the
compl...
Here
the quotations within (1), which displays the commonest syntactic usage, are
sub-divided into tenses and within the tense divisions into spelling
forms.
In
the example above the label
absol.
is numbered. Where ambiguity can be avoided such labels are not numbered,
e.g.,
Offer,
v.
...1.
tr.
To present (a donation of any kind, prayers, etc.) as a religious offering or
sacrifice (to God, a saint, a pagan deity, etc.). Also
to
offer
up.
Also
absol.
- (1) Scipio..has
off the templis tane The armys..In name off wictory offerryt thar;
Barb.
iii
224...
- (2) Hyr
virgynite .. To all the goddes..to mak sacrifice She offred wp;
Troy-bk.
1125
(C).
absol.
And thair thai heir a certane messis syn offeris efter the wangell of the hee
mes;
Loutfut
MS.
123 a.
In
the example above the paragraph ‘Also
absol.’
is signalled in the text by
absol.
without a number.
Occasionally
the paragraph markers (1), (2), etc. are explained explicitly,
e.g.,
Outputtin(g,
vbl.
n.
1.
...c.
‘Putting out’ of goods, cattle or money, by way of, or for the
purpose of, theft.
(1)
Orig. and chiefly, the conveying of stolen goods out of the district...(2)
Outputting
of
another person... In (3) the word has perh. been understood in some other, perh.
erron., sense.
In
some cases paragraph numbers are used in place of labels, e.g.,
Outred,
n.1...3.
Completion (of a job of work). Also
transf.
(1)
includes all the quotations except the
transf.
example, which is given under (2) without a label.
Divisions
may be made on a semantic basis, e.g.,
Dre,
v.
...1.
tr.
To endure, suffer (pain, penance, fortune, etc.).
Here
the divisions (1), (2) and (3) are semantic, according to what is experienced,
i.e. pain, penalty or fortune, etc. In later volumes this sort of distinction
is signalled by
a.,
b.,
c.,
etc.
6.1.2
Brackets around quotations
Round
brackets are placed around the quoted Scots material in the very early stages of
the dictionary. Such quotations are preceded by the reference. This method is
used in those entries which have been judged as not of historical importance or
not differing materially from their modern English equivalents, e.g.,
Abak
adv.,
Bewtifull
adj.
Quotations in such entries are given in the briefest possible form.
Square
brackets are given around quotations and their references, at the beginning of
an entry or body of information. This method is used when quoting material from
a non-Scots source or language, e.g., English or Latin, which will add to the
user’s understanding of the Scots material, e.g.,
Mele
n.1
b (2),
Relocatio(u)n
n.,
Spar
n.1
1. In some cases, e.g.,
Wait
n.1
3
c.,
the
quotation in square brackets is in Scots but does not contain the headword. It
is included for the light it throws on the sense in question.
6.1.3
Brackets within quotations
Brackets
are used within quotations to show editorial insertions within the quoted
material and also for explanatory or additional information directly related to
the quoted material.
6.1.3.1
Editorial insertions
In
the very early volumes round brackets are used, e.g.,
Abade,
n.
...1.
...Quhen
the gud fo(l)k had Apone the se mad lang a-bad;
Leg.
S. xvi 212.
but
later square brackets are used, e.g.,
Gif,
v.
...1.
...[To] gif fra thame all
armour and sic geir;
Stewart
38285.
6.1.3.2
Explanatory and additional information
[etc.]
Etc.
can be given in square brackets to indicate that a list has not been quoted in
its entirety or that the text has further information which is part of the
context but not necessary to exemplification of the word, e.g.,
Relaps(e,
v.
...William
Thomsone [etc.]...Relapsed upon the 18 Febry.,..and deserted on the tuentie day;
1684
Dumfr.
& Galloway Soc. 3 Ser.
XXXVI 160.
Ta,
adj.
...2.
a.
Anent the tumult maid on the
fourth of this instant betuix Johne Denie, wabstar on the tae pairt, and Robert
Blakburne, wabstar, on the uthir point, and Johne Gib, tailyeir, on the third
pairt, it is fand that [etc.]; 1628
Dumbarton
B. Rec. 29.
[sc.]
[sc.]
is used to indicate explanatory information, e.g.,
Motio(u)n,
n.
...5.
...d.
...
Thai
[sc.
the English] ar, and alse hes beene, the special motione of the iniust veyris
that hes trublit Cristianite;
Compl.
27/26.
In
earlier volumes,
sc.
is often omitted, e.g.,
Missive,
n.
...1.
Deliuer thame [the nine
Muses] this pretty small missiue;
Rolland
Ct.
Venus
ii
80.
[rh.],
[:]
Both
these conventions are used to indicate rhyme, e.g.,
Multiplie,
n.
...The
sotheroun fled fra him on athir sid To Burdeous in gret multiplye [: se];
Wall.
ix
1707.
The
form ‘rh.’ is used for clarity when there is other information, such
as a variant form, and a colon (:) might be hard to interpret.
(Wikkir,)
n.
...As with the wynd wavis the
wickir
[M.
wicker;
rh.
sickir] Wavis this warldis vanite;
Dunb.
(OUP) 178/14.
[v.r.],
[MS],
[text
identifier]
These
conventions are used to indicate a variant reading, the manuscript reading or a
reading from a specified text:
Raisar,
n. ...The excipient, or
raisar
[v.r.
raisare] of the said suspensioun sall be haldin and astrictit to proif payment
thairof; 1597
Acts
Sederunt
ii
28.
(Rosen,)
n.
...With pitch, with sulphre,
And rozen
[MS
rosett] in great store;
James
VI
Poems
I 138/456.
Rak,
v.1...1.
...b.
...And
with a rug thai rapis all He rakkit
[R.
crakyde] in to pecis small;
Wynt.
iii
374 (W).
[sic],
[sic
in
pr.]
These
conventions are used when the material quoted is dubious in some way,
e.g.,
Meldrop,
n.
...Snotty nos’d
gentlemen with their drouping mustaches..becomes a harbroy
[sic]
to meldrops;
Grahame
Anat.
Hum. 30 b.
Relefe,
n.2...7.
...Wednesday:
subscriued a paper for Johns
[sic in
pr.] Maxwell’s relife
for two month in the tollboth of Edinb.; 1657
Misc.
Hist. Soc. VII
22.
[ed.],
[pr.]
These
conventions are used, interchangeably, where a manuscript reading is quoted but
the editor wishes to point out what is in the printed edition or, more commonly,
to record the form printed in the edition where the dictionary text corrects
what is interpreted as a typographical error or misreading in the edition,
e.g.,
Ratificatio(u)n,
n.
...1.
...And therfoir in signe and
taikin of thair ferdar ratificatioun..the dekynis..has subscriwit
[pr.
subscrimit] the samyn; 1601 Murray Lyon
Hist.
Lodge Edinb. 40.
Rest,
v.1...5.
...b.
...The
said Alexander renuncis all ferthir probatioun, restand him to
[ed.
to him] the said George Padeis aith; 1558
Admir.
Ct. Bk. (St. S.)
98.
Wil(l,
v.1...11.
...Wol z(yogh)e
[ed.
43, wol ye] se this litill fals car as he follois me; 1517
Selkirk
B.
Ct.
MS 57b.
Woup,
n.
...4.
...Ane tyne pynt, tua vopis
[ed.
ropis] of irne, ane irne ladill; 1563-4
Prot. Bk.
Thomas Johnsoun
138.
[L.],
[F.], etc.
This
convention is used where material from other languages is included,
e.g.,
Quhin,
n.2...1.
...b.
...A
rowtand burn..rynnys..on the craggy quhynnys [L.
saxis];
Doug.
vii
ix 56.
(Sicamour,)
n. ...Wnder the flurist
siccamour [F.
desous i
pin ramu] Was
spred..Carpettis;
Alex.
ii
3686.
[blank],
[gap
in
text],
[gap]
These
conventions have been used variously to indicate something missing in the text
(due to damage to the MS or the like), e.g.,
Wair,
n.
...b.
...Oliver
Lord Protector
[gap in
text] great Admiralls of
Scotland and the Provest &c
[gap]
of Taine..infeft and seasit in
[gap]
territorie shoirs
[gap]
skalpes within the sea mark wrak and weare; 1660
Old
Ross-shire I
229.
Walk,
v.
...7.
...To
haue
[blank]
personis to waitht..nychtlie and that to be gottin amangis the haill toun,
euerie ilk man his nycht about; 1525
Aberd. B.
Rec. I 112.
6.2
References
The
reference immediately follows the quotation (except in the very early stages of
the dictionary as explained in
6.1.2
above). For information on reference
style see the Reference Style Guide. For full bibliographical information see
the Revised Register of Titles.
At
the end of a reference, etc. may be used to indicate that there are many other
examples to be found in the text.
Sign(e,
n.
...I.
1.
...d.
...Witchcraft
can nocht be accomplischet as witchcraft bot be characteris, signes, croces
[etc.]; 1622
Crim.
Trials III 514, 556,
etc.
Ib.,
Id.
In
earlier volumes,
Ib.
and Id. are used in a reference to indicate that the material in the quotation
is from the same work
(Ib.)
or written or edited by the same person (Id.) as the previous quotation. This
practice was discontinued from
Scro
onwards due to the constraints imposed by the new proof-reading
procedures.
In earlier volumes, citations
consisting of a form and reference or reference only were given after the
quotations for that work, however, in later volumes material is given on a
strictly chronological basis.
VARIANT
ENTRIES
Variant
entries are a key element in helping the user access the material. This is
especially true in the latter part of the dictionary where more material is
included in single entries. As explained above, from
A
to
H
there are very few variant entries in the main body of the dictionary, variant
spellings to guide the user to the entry or entries under which the spelling may
be found are listed at the back of the volume. From
I
onwards most variant spellings are to be found within the body of the
dictionary, although some are listed at the back of the volume up to
L.
From
M
onwards variant spellings are given in the form of variant entries in the main
body of the dictionary only. Variant entries in the Additions and Corrections
in volumes I-III are printed in the Additions and Corrections not in the lists
at the back of the volume.
Variant
entries are simple in structure. They begin with the spelling in bold followed
by the headword under which the variant is listed in small capitals and its part
of speech. There are several types of variant entry, e.g.,
straightforward
spelling variant(s) of one or more headword(s):
Sal-mes,
var. of Saul(l)-mes
n.
Sallar,
var. of Sail(l)ar
n. and
Sellar
n.1
and
n.2.
Sallad(e,
-at, varr. of Sellet(t
n.
variants
describing syntactic features:
Sallit,
p.t. of Sail(l
v. and var. of
Solit
ppl. adj.
Sader,
compar. of Sad
adj. and
adv.
variants
which would appear not to be authentic:
Salmnod-fishing,
see Salmond-fisch(e) ing
vbl.n.
In
this case
salmnod
is the form in the printed edition but would clearly seem to be erroneous for
salmond.
As the reader’s starting point is likely to be the printed text, it is the
function of the variant entry to guide him or her to the correct headword where
such errors are explained. Long sequences of variant entries are divided into
paragraphs.
As
in large and small entries, hyphens and brackets can be used as space saving
devices in variant entries, e.g.,
Resyn(e,
-syng, -syngn(e, varr. of
Resing
v.
ADDITIONS
AND CORRECTIONS
Supplementary
material is published at the end of volumes
A-C,
D-G
and H-L
under the title ‘Additions and
Corrections’. From
M-N
onwards this material has been held over for a Supplement to the whole work.
Plans for the production of such a supplement have not yet been finalised but it
is envisaged that this will appear in electronic format.
Entries
in the Supplement follow the same rules of structure as the main dictionary.
New entries are signalled by an asterisk, e.g.,
*Abaket
Additions
to existing entries usually give citations which are earlier or later than those
already recorded. Corrections to the main dictionary are given in the
Supplement, e.g.,
Hafles,
a. (Refer to
Hawles, not:
Haveles.)
M.
G. Dareau
K.
L. Pike