MONEY
The Scots currency was roughly equivalent in value to that of
Scots
1 penny 1/12
2
pennies = 1 Bodle ⅙ penny —
2
bodles = 1 Plack ⅓ penny —
3
bodles = 1 Bawbee 1 halfpenny —
2
bawbees = 1 Shilling 1 penny ·24 penny
13
shillings 4 pence = 1 Merk 1s. 1½d. 5½pence
20
shillings = 1 pound 1s.
8d. 8 pence
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
There was much confusion and diversity in early Scottish weights and
measures and a succession of enactments from the 15th c. failed to improve
matters till in 1661 a commission was set up by Parliament which recommended
the setting up of national standards, the exemplars of which were to be kept in
the custody of certain burghs, the Ell
for lineal measure to be kept by Edinburgh, the Jug for liquid capacity by Stirling, the Firlot for dry measure by Linlithgow, and the Troy stone for weight by
Lanark. These recommendations in the main prevailed throughout
WEIGHTS
1. According to the standard of Lanark,
for
Scots Avoirdupois
Metric Weight
1 drop (see Drap, n., 3.) 1·093 drams 1·921 grammes
16 drops = 1 ounce 1 oz. 1·5
drams 31 grammes
16 ounces = 1 pound 1 lb. 1 oz. 8 dr. 496 grammes
16 pounds = 1 stone 17 lbs. 8 oz. 7·936 kilogrammes
2. According to the standard of
Scots Avoirdupois Metric Weight
1 drop 1·378
drams 2·4404 grammes
16 drops = 1 ounce 1 oz. 6 drams 39·04 grammes
16 ounces = 1 pound 1 lb. 6 oz. 1 dram 624·74 grammes
16 pounds = 1 stone 1 stone 8 lbs. 1
oz. 9·996 kilogrammes
CAPACITY
Liquid measure according to the standard of
Scots Imperial
Metric
1 gill ·749 gill ·053 litres
4 gills = 1 Mutchkin 2·996
gills ·212
litres
2 mutchkins = 1 Chopin 1 pint 1·992 gills ·848 litres
2 chopins = 1 Pint 2 pints 3·984 gills 1.696
litres
8 pints = 1 gallon 3 gallons .25 gills 13.638
litres
1 pint = 104·2034
Imp. cub. ins. 1 pint = 34·659
Imp. cub. ins. 1 litre =
61.027 cub. ins.
Dry measure according to the standard of Linlithgow, q.v.
1. For wheat, peas,
beans, meal, etc.
1 Lippie (or Forpit) ·499
gallons 2·268 litres
4
lippies = 1 peck 1·996
gallons 9·072 litres
4
Pecks = 1 Firlot 3 pecks 1.986 gallons 36·286 litres
4
Firlots = 1 Boll 3 bushels 3 pecks 1·944
galls. 145·145 litres
16
Bolls = 1 Chalder 7 quarters 7 bushels 3 pecks
2322·324
litres
1·07 galls.
1 Firlot = 2214·322
cub. ins. 1 gallon = 277·274
cub. ins. 1 litre = 61·027
cub. ins.
2. For barley, oats, malt.
1 Lippie (or Forpit) ·728
gallons 3·037 litres
4 Lippies = 1 peck 1
peck ·912 gallons 13·229 litres
4 Pecks = 1 Firlot 1
bushel 1 peck 1·650 gallons 52·916
litres
4 Firlots = 1 Boll 5
bushels 3 pecks ·600 gallons 211·664
litres
16 Bolls = 1 Chalder 11
quarters 5 bushels 1·615 3386·624 litres
gallons
1 Firlot = 3230·305 cub. ins.
MEASURES
According to the standard Ell,
q.v.,
of
Lineal
1 inch 1·0016
inches 2·54
centimetres
8·88 inches = 1 Sc.
link 8·8942 inches 22·55 centimetres
12 inches = 1 foot 12·0192
inches 30·5287
centimetres
3 1/12
6 ells = 1 fall (Fa, n.)
6·1766
yards (1·123 poles) 5·6479
metres
4 falls = 1 chain 24·7064
yards (1·123 chains) 22·5916
metres
10 chains = 1 furlong 247·064 yards (1·123
furlongs) 225·916
metres
8 furlongs = 1 mile 1976·522 yards (1·123
miles) 1·8073 kilometres
Square
1 sq. inch 1·0256
sq. inch 6·4516
sq. centimetre
1 sq. ell 1·059
sq. yards ·8853
sq. metre
36 sq. ells = 1 sq. fall 38·125 sq. yards 31·87
sq. metres
(1
pole 7·9 sq. yards)
40 falls = 1 sq. rood 1525 sq. yards 12·7483 acres
(1
rood 10 poles 13 sq. yards)
4 roods = 1 sq. acre 6100 sq. yards (1·26
acres) ·5099 hectare
YARN
MEASURE
1
cut = 300 yards
1
heere = 2 cuts or 600 yards
1
heid = 2 heeres or 1200 yards
1
hank or hesp = 3 heids or 3600 yards
1
spinle = 4 hanks or 14400 yards
See
Cut in Suppl., and the other articles in Dict.
The
above applies to linen and handspun woollen
yarn
in the early 19th c. Earlier the measure was
considerably
shorter, and varies considerably with
the
kind of yarn spun.
For
Coal Measure see Mett, n., 4.
ABBEVIATIONS
1. AS USED IN THE DICTIONARY
a. (with date) ante = before
A. = Author (after
an author’s own note)
abbr. abbreviated,
abbreviation
abr. abridged
absol. absolute(ly)
acc. accusative
accord. according
ad. adaptation
of
Add. Addenda
adj. adjective,
adjectival(ly)
adv. adverb,
adverbial(ly)
affirm. affirmative(ly)
Angus Gl. Glossary of the Shetland
Dialect, by J. S. Angus (1914)
Anon. Anonymous
ante. antecedent
aph. aphetic
App. Appendix
appar. apparent(ly)
Arab. Arabic
arch. archaic
art. article
assim. assimilated,
assimilation
assoc. association
attrib. attributive(ly)
aux. auxiliary
A.V. Authorised
Version
B. and H. A Dictionary
of English Plant-Names, by
James Britten, F.L.S., and
Robert
Holland (1886)
B.C. Bannatyne
Club
Bense A Dictionary
of the Low-Dutch Element in the English Vocabulary,
by
J. F. Bense, Lit. Ph.D. (1926–38)
Björkman
Scandinavian Loan- Words in Middle English, by Erik Björkman,
Ph.D.
(1900–02)
Bk. Book
B.R.S. Burgh
Record Society
c. (with date) Circa = about
c. century
cent. century
centr. central
cf. confer = compare
chron. chronological(ly)
Cleasby and Vigfusson Icelandic–English Dictionary based on the MS. collections of the
late Richard Cleasby, enlarged and completed
by Gudbrand
Vigfusson (1874)
C.M. Cursor Mundi
cogn. cognate
coll. collective(ly)
colloq. colloquial(ly)
comb. combination
comm. common(ly)
comp. compound
compar. comparative
Concise
Fowler
and F. G. Fowler from The
condit. conditional
conj. conjunction,
conjunctive
conn. connected
cons. consonant
constr. constructed,
construction
contr. contracted,
contraction
corr. corresponding
to
Cotgrave A Dictionarie
of the French and English
Tongues, compiled by
Randle
Cotgrave (1611)
Curriehill John
Marshall, Lord Curriehill (1794–1868), judge of the Court of
Session,
who wrote marginal notes in a copy of MacTaggart’s
Gallov. Encycl. now in the library of the late Mr. E. A. Hornel,
artist,
Kirkcudbright. (Gall. a.1868 Curriehill)
d. died
(D)1 dialect,
dialectal
D.A.E. A Dictionary
of American English on Historical
Principles, compiled
at
the
Craigie
and James R. Hulbert (1936–)
Dan. Danish
Danneil Worterbuch der altmarkischen platt-deutschen Mundart. by Johann
Friedrich
Danneil (1859)
dat. dative
def. definition
def. art. definite article
1 In introducing quotations, (D) after the name of the
county implies that the local dialect is more strongly marked in the whole or
in some definite part of the writer’s work than in the case of those books or
authors that have merely the local designation.
dem. demonstrative
deriv. derived,
derivative, derivation
dial. dialect,
dialectal
Dict. Dictionary
Dieth A Grammar
of the Buchan Dialect (Aberdeenshire), Descriptive
and
Historical. Vol. I. Phonology–Accidence, by Eugen Dieth,
Ph.D.
(1932)
Diez An Etymological
Dictionary of the Romance Languages; chiefly from
the German
of Friedrich Diez, by T. C.
Donkin,
B.A.
(1864)
Dijkstra Friesch Woordenboek, by W. Dijkstra (1900)
dim. diminutive
Dinneen Dinneen’s
Irish–English Dictionary
D.O.S.T. A Dictionary of the
Older Scottish Tongue, from the
Twelfth Century
to
the end of the Seventeenth, by Sir William A. Craigie, LL.D.,
D.Litt.
and A. J. Aitken, M.A. (1931–)
D.S.C.S. The Dialect of the
Southern Counties of
(1873)
Du. Dutch
Dwelly The Illustrated
Gaelic–English Dictionary, by E. Dwelly. F.S.A.
Scot.,
F.S.G. (4th ed. 1941)
E. Early
(E) Eclectic
= an artificial form of Scots, sometimes called synthetic
Scots
or Lallans
e.Ang. east
Anglian
ed. edited,
editor, edition
E.D.D. The English
Dialect Dictionary, by Joseph Wright, in six Volumes
(1898–1905)
Edm. Gl. Glossary of the Dialect
of Shetland and Orkney, by T. Edmonston
(1866)
E.E.P. Early English Pronunciation, by
A. J. Ellis (1869–1889)
E.E.T.S. Early
English Text Society
ellipt. elliptical(ly)
E.M.E. Early
Modern English
erron. erroneous(ly)
esp. especial(ly)
etym. etymology,
etymological(ly)
euphem. euphemism,
euphemistic(ally)
evid. evident(ly)
ex. example(s)
exc. except,
exception
excl. exclamation,
exclamatorily
expl. explained
expr. expression
Fær. Faeroese
Falk and Torp Norwegisch–Danisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, by H. S.
Falk
and Alf Trop (1910–1911)
fam. familiar(ly)
Farmer and Henley A Dictionary
of Slang and Colloquial English, by John S. Farmer and
W.
E. Henley (1905)
fem. feminine
fig. figurative(ly)
fl. floruit = flourished
Flem. Flemish
Flom. Scandinavian Influence on Southern Lowland Scotch, by G. T.
Flom
(1900)
foll. following,
followed
Fr. French
Francisque-Michel A Critical
Inquiry into the Scottish Language, by Francisque-Michel
(1882)
Franck Franck’s
Etymologisch Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (1912)
freq. frequent(ly),
frequentative
Fris. Frisian
fut. future
Gael. Gaelic
Gamillscheg Etymologisches Worterbuch der Französischen Sprache, ed. Ernst
Gamillscheg
(1928)
gen. genitive;
general(ly)
Gen.Sc. General
Scots = known generally wherever Lowland Scots is spoken
Gl. Glossary
Gmc. Germanic
Godefroy Lexique de L’Ancien Francais, by
Frederic Godefroy (1901 ed.)
Goth. Gothic
Gr. Greek
Gregor D. Bnff. Dialect of Banffshire, by W.
Gregor (1866)
Hatz. and Darm. Dictionnaire General de la Langue
Francaise, by A. Hatzfeld and A.
Darmesteter
(1926)
Hebr.
(
hist. history,
historical
Ib. Ibidem
= in the same place
Icel. Icelandic
word)
Idg. Indogermanic
I.E. Indo-European
imit. imitative
imp. impression
imper. imperative
impers. impersonal(ly)
impf. imperfect
indef. indefinitive
indic. indicative
inf. infinitive
infl. inflexion
instrum. instrumental
int. interjection
interrog. interrogative(ly)
intr. intransitive(ly)
Intro. Introduction
Ir. Irish
irreg. irregular(ly)
It. Italian
ital. italics
Jak. An Etym.
Dictionary of the Norn Language
in Shetland, by Jakob
Jakobson
(1908 Dan. ed., 1928
Jam. Etym. Dictionary of the Scottish
Language, in two volumes (1808), by
John
Jamieson
Jam.1 Etym. Dictionary of the Scottish
Language (abr. ed.) (1818)
Jam.2 Supplement to the Etym. Dictionary of the Scottish
Language, in two
Volumes
(1825)
Jam.3 Etym. Dictionary of the Scottish
Language, revised by J. Johnstone
(1840–1841),
in two Volumes
Jam.4 Dictionary of the Scottish Language, by John Jamieson, abr. by J.
Johnstone,
revised by J. Longmuir (1867)
Jam.5 Etym. Dictionary of the Scottish
Language, revised by J. Longmuir
and
D. Donaldson (1879–1882)
Jam.6 Supplement to Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary, by D. Donaldson
(1887)
Joyce English as we speak it in
M.R.I.A.
(2nd ed. 1910)
Kilian Etymologicum Teutonicæ Linguæ,
sive Dictionarium
Teutonico–Latinum, by C.
Kilian (1772–1777)
Kluge An Etymological
Dictionary of the German Language, by Friedrich
Kluge
L., Linn. Linnæus
lang. language
Larsen Dansk–Norsk–Englsk Ordbog, ed. A. Larsen (1910)
Lat. Latin
L.Ger. Low
German
lit. literal(ly)
liter. literary,
in literary use only
Lith. Lithuanian
L.Sc. Lowland
Scottish
m., mod. modern
M.C. Maitland
Club
McAlpine Gaelic Dictionary, by Neil McAlpine
MacBain Etym. Dictionary of the Gaelic
Language, by A. MacBain (1896)
MacLennan A Pronouncing
and Etym. Dictionary of the
Gaelic Language, by
Malcolm
MacLennan (1925)
Macleod and Dewar A Dictionary
of the Gaelic Language, by the
Macleod
and the Rev. Dr. Daniel Dewar (1893)
Marw. The Orkney
Norn, by H. Marwick (1929)
masc. masculine
Med. (med.) Mediaeval
Med. Lat. Medieval
Latin
met. metathetic,
metathesis
metaph. metaphor,
metaphorical(ly)
Metcalfe Supplementary Dictionary of the Scottish
Language, with
Introduction
by W. M. Metcalfe (1910)
M.H.Ger. Middle
High German
Mid.
midl. midland
(i.e.
Mid.Sc. Middle
Scots
Misc. Miscellany
M.L.Ger. Middle
Low German
M.M.Sc. Manual of Modern Scots, by W. Grant and J. M. Dixon
(1921)
Mont.-Fleming Notes on Jamieson’s Scottish
Dictionary, by J. B. Montgomerie-
Fleming
(1899)
n. noun
naut. nautical
n.d. no
date
N.E.D. A New
English Dictionary, ed. J. A. H. Murray, H. Bradley, W. A.
Craigie,
C. T. Onions (Oxford, 1884–1929)
neg. negative(ly)
neut. neuter
nom. nominative
Norw. Norwegian
num. numeral
obj. object(ive)
obs. obsolete
obsol. obsolescent
occas. occasional(ly)
O.E. English,
before the Conquest; includes the four dialects, West Saxon,
Kentish,
Mercian and Northumbrian
O.Fr. Old
French
O.Fris. Old
Frisian
O.H.Ger. Old
High German
O.I. or O.Ir. Old
Irish
O.N. Old
Norse
O.N.Fr. Old
Norman French
onomat. onomatopœic
O.North. Old
Northumbrian
orig. origin(al)(ly)
O.Sax. Old
Saxon
O.Sc. Older
Scots
O.Slav. Old
Slavonic
p. (with date) post = after
p., pp. page,
pages
pa.p. past participle
pass. passive(ly)
pa.t. past
tense
perf. perfect
pers. personal
phon. phonetic(s)
phr(s). phrase(s)
phs. perhaps
pl. plural
P.L.D. Phonetic
Description of the Language and Dialects in Vol.
pleon. pleonasm,
pleonastic(ally)
poet. poetical
pop. popular(ly)
Port. Portuguese
poss. possible(ly)
ppl. participle
ppl.adj. participial adjective
ppl.phr. participial
phrase
pred. predicate,
predicatively
pref. prefix
prep. preposition
pres. present
pret. preterite
Prim. Primitive
Prim.O.E. Primitive
Old English
prob. probable(ly)
pron. pronoun
prop. proper(ly)
Prov. Provencal
Pr.p. Promptorium
Parvulorum
pr.p. present participle
pr.t. present
tense
publ. published
q.v. quod vide
= which see
reduplic. reduplicative
ref. reference
refl. reflexive(ly)
reg. regular(ly)
rel. relative
repr. representative,
representing, etc.
Roget An Introduction
to Old French, by F. F.
Roget, 1887
Sc. Scots
(when no indication of a particular dialect is given); Scottish,
Scotch
sc. scilicet = that is to say
S.C. Spalding
Club, New Spalding Club, Third Spalding Club
Scand. Scandinavian
Scot.
S.D.D. Chambers’s
Scots Dialect Dictionary, by A.
Warrack (19 1)
sep. separate
S.H.S. Scottish
Historical Society
sing. singular
Skeat Concise Etymological Dictionary of the
English Language, by Walter
W.
Skeat (1911)
Skr. Sanskrit
S.N.D. Scottish
National Dictionary
Sp. Spanish
specif. specific(ally)
Stat. Acc.1 Statistical Account of Scotland
(1791–1799)
Stat. Acc.2 New Statistical Account of
Stat. Acc.3 Third Statistical Account of Scotland (of varying
dates from 1951)
St.Eng. Standard
English
Sth.Eng. Southern
English—i.e. Standard English as spoken in the
middle
and
south of
Stratmann A Middle-English
Dictionary containing words used by
English
writers from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, by
Francis
Henry Stratmann (ed. H. Bradley 1891)
S.T.S. Scottish
Text Society
st.v. strong
verb
subj. subject;
subjunctive
subst. substantive(ly)
suff. suffix
superl. superlative
Suppl. Supplement
s.v. sub voce = under the word
Sw. Swedish
Sweet, A.S. The Student’s Dictionary
of Anglo-Saxon, by Henry Sweet (1897)
Sweet, H.E.S.
A History of English
Sounds, by Henry Sweet (1888)
syll. syllable
syn. synonym(ous)
tech. technical(ly)
Torp Nynorsk Etymologisk Ordbok, by
Alf Torp (1919)
tr. transitive(ly)
Trans. Transactions
transf. transferred
sense
transl. translation
Traynor Gl. M. Traynor English Dialect of Donegal (1953)
trs. transfer
T.S.D.C. Transactions of the Scottish
Dialects Committee
Un.
usu. usual(ly)
v., vb. verb
v. vide = see
var. variant
of
vbl.n. verbal noun
vern. vernacular
v.i. vide infra = see below
viz. videlicet = namely
Voc. vocabulary
v.s. vide supra = see above
Watson W.-B. Roxburghshire Word-Book, by G. Watson (1923)
Webster Webster’s New International Dictionary (end ed., 1935)
Weekley Etymological Dictionary of the English
Language, by Ernest Weekley
(1921)
Westergaard Studies in Prefixes and Suffixes
in Middle Scottish, by
Westergaard
(1924)
Wettstein The Phonology
of a Berwickshire Dialect, by Paul Wettstein (1942)
Wilson, D. Burns
The Dialect of Robert
Burns as spoken in Central
Ayrshire by Sir
James
Wilson (1923)
Wilson Cent. Scot. The Dialects
of
Fif.,
Lth.
Wilson, L. Strathearn Lowland Scotch as spoken in the
Lower Strathearn District of
Perthshire, by Sir James Wilson (1915)
for Per.
abbreviation)
wk.v. weak
verb
W.-L. Word-List
W.S. West
Saxon
Zai The Phonology
of the Morebattle Dialect (
Rudolf
Zai, Ph.D., 1942
Zoëga A Concise
Dictionary of Old Icelandic, by Geir T. Zoëga
(1910)
* (in
etymological notes) hypothetical form.
† obsolete.
‡ obsolescent.
[ ] square
brackets enclose the phonetic descriptions, the etymological notes, and
explanations by editor inserted in quotations.
A
date in square brackets is sometimes given for the first edition of a book,
when that ed. has not been consulted, but when it is known to differ in some
respect from the ed. used.
¶ indicates
thea no evidence for the word in question has been found, beyond that quoted in
the article.
2. FOR SCOTTISH DIALECT DISTRICTS
With the drastic reform of Scottish local government in
1975 the political map of
The
dialects of Caithness (Cai.), Cromarty (Crm.), Easter Ross and Avoch (Rs.), and
the fishing villages of Nairn (Nai.), now form the only Scots-speaking areas in
the Highland region; ne.Sc. corresponds fairly closely to the Grampian region;
sn.Sc. and em.Sc.(a) cover the Tayside,
3. COMMONLY USED FOR SCOTTISH lNSTITUTIONS, ETC.
A.R.S.A. Associate
of R.S.A.
C.R. Caledonian
Railway.
D.P. Univ.
slang for a class certificate issued to those students who have
“Duly
Performed” the work of the class without distinction.
E.I.S. Educational
E.U. Evangelical
Union (see Morisonian).
F.A. Faculty
of Actuaries.
F.B.S.E. Fellow
of the Botanical Society of
F.C. Free
Church (of
F.D.S.R.C.S.E. Fellow
of Dental Surgery of R.C.S.E.
F.F.A. Fellow
of F.A.
F.F.P.S. Fellow
of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons (of
F.P.C. Free
Presbyterian Church. See Free.
F.R.C.P.E. Fellow
of R.C.P.E.
F.R.C.P.G. Fellow
of R.C.P.G.
F.R.C.S.E. Fellow
of R.C.S.E.
F.R.S.E. Fellow
of R.S.E.
F.R.S.G.S. Fellow
of R.S.G.S.
F.S.A. Scot. Fellow
of the Society of Antiquaries of
G.N.S.R. Great
North of
G.S.W.R.
H.G.S. Higher
Grade School (see Higher, 2. (2)).
H.L.I. Highland
Light Infantry (see Hieland, adj., 7. (11)).
H.R.
I.P.D. In
praesentia Dominorum (see Presence),
orig. I.P.D.P[arliamenti],
appended
to the signature of the Chancellor of Scotland on the
engrossed
copy of an Act of Parliament.
K.O.S.B. King’s
Own Scottish Borderers (see King
(Suppl.)).
K.T. Knight
of [the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of] the Thistle
(see
Thrissel, 2. (2)).
1876
to women students, then still excluded from British
Universities,
by the
L.L.A.
(Lady Literate in Arts) and falling into disuse after the
admission
of women to Universities from 1890.
L.R.C.P.E. Licentiate
of R.C.P.E.
L.R.C.S.E. Licentiate
of R.C.S.E.
M.R.C.P.E. Member
of R.C.P.E.
M.R.C.S.E. Member
of R.C.S.E.
N.B.R. North
British Railway.
P. & W.J.R. Portpatrick
and Wigtonshire Joint Railway,
P.R.S.A. President
of R.S.A.
P.R.S.E. President
of R.S.E.
R.C.P.E.
R.C.P.G.
R.C.S.E.
R.C.S.G.
R.P. Reformed
Presbyterian.
R.S.A.
R.S.E. Royal
Society of
R.S.G.S. Royal
Scottish Geographical Society.
S.C.E. Scottish
Certificate of Education (see Higher,
1.).
S.E.D. Scottish
Education Department.
S.F.A. Scottish
Football Association.
S.L.P. Scottish
Labour Party (1888–93).
S.N.O. Scottish
National Orchestra.
S.N.P. Scottish
National Party.
S.P.C.K. Society
for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge.
S.R.C. Students’
Representative Council (see Student).
S.S.C. Solicitor
in the Supreme Courts (see Solicitor).
S.W.R.I. Scottish
Women’s Rural Institutes.
U.F.(C). United
Free (Church). See United.
U.P. United
Presbyterian. See United.
W.S. Writer
to the Signet. See Signet.