SYMBOLS

Description		Abbrev.
&esh;	breathed after-blade fricative	b.a.-bl.fric.	Sc. shoogle; Eng. shut; Middle Sc. schipp.
t&esh;			( Sc. chape, mutch; Eng. cheap, rich, (rich, hitch.
&ezh;	voiced after-blade fricative	b.bk.fric.	pusion (poison).
d&ezh;			(Sc. jouk, fugie, gimp; Eng. bridge, (jig, gin.
x	breathed back fricative	b.bk.fric.	Sc. loch; Ger. lach.
x&turnw;	breathed back fricative rounded	b.bk.fric.r.	With rounded lips. s.Sc. lauch, soucht; Ger. auch.
&turnw;	breathed lips-back fricative	b.l-bk.fric.	Sc. whaup; Eng. whisper.
&glottal;	breathed glottal plosive or stop	b.gl.pl.	Heard in Central Sc. dialects before or as a substitute for p, t, k.

Point means that the place of formation is between the point of the tongue and the apex of the upper gum. Front means that the place of formation is between the middle of the tongue and the middle of the hard plate. Back means that the place of formation is between the back of the tongue and the back palate. Glottal means that the place of formation is between the vowel chords in the larynx. VOWELS

Description		Abbrev.
α	mid back lax	m.bk.l.	Sc. whan, craft, chafts, lass; Eng. father; Ger. mann.
&turnalpha;	low back lax	l.bk.l.	s.Sc. blaa, laand; Sth. Eng. grant, grass; Fr. pâte.
a	mid back lax advanced	m.bk.l.adv.	nn.Sc. fat (what), common in Celtic areas; n. Eng. pat, Fr. patte.
æ	low front lax raised	l.fr.l.rd.	s.Sc. Bed; nearly Sth.Eng. bad.
ε	mid front lax	m.fr.l.	Sc. ged, ken, gless; Eng. bet.
&ertail;	low front tense	l.fr.t.	Heard in some dialects instead of preceeding: len(d), ken; Sth. Eng. hare [&ertail;], but Sc. is less open.
e	mid front tense	m.fr.t.	m.Sc. wame, hame.
è	mid front half-tense		n.Sc. lade (load), a sound between e in Eng. led and ai in Eng. laid.
e1	mid front tense raised and retracted		Used in Ags. as a substitute for [e]. See § 188.1.
&sci;	high front lax	h.fr.l.	Sc. mither; Eng. fit; Ger. bitte.
&scirtail;	high front lax lowered	h.fr.l.lrd.	A sound between [&sci;] and [ε], a substitute for [&sci;] in some Sc. dialects.
&scirtailuml;			The same as above except that the tongue is more flattened. It occurs before r and cht in some dialects as a substitute for [&turnv;] in bird, or [&sci;] in bricht.
i	high front tense	h.fr.t.	Sc. peety, leeberty, friend; Eng. feet, machine; Fr. pité.
&turnv;	mid back tense	m.bk.t.	Sc. wut, birth; Eng. but.
o	mid back tense rounded	m.bk.t.r.	Sc. thole; Eng. toad.
&openo;	mid back lax rounded	m.bk.l.r.	n.Sc. bocht; Eng. lot; Ger. sonne.
&ortail;	low back tense rounded	l.bk.t.r.	e. and wm.Sc. blaw, caw (call); Eng. saw, hall.
u	high back tense rounded	h.bk.t.r.	Sc. broo, goun, toun; Eng. grew, rude.
υ	high back lax rounded	h.bk.l.r.	s.Sc. cuorn (corn); Sth.Eng. pull, good.
&schwa;	mid flat lax	m.fl.l.	Sc. winna, awfa.
&schwaacute;	mid flat tense	m.fl.t.	faither. Heard often for [&schwa;].
ø	mid front tense rounded	m.fr.t.r.	Sc. shoe, ruise, use (v.); Fr. peu; Ger. schön.
œ	mid front lax rounded	m.fr.l.r.	Fr. peur; Ger. götter.
y	high front lax rounded	h.fr.l.r.	Sc. mune, fruit, schule, tuim, (empty); Ger. schützen. In Sc. the tongue is sometimes lowered or flattened. The Sc. vowel is akin to Fr. u, but never identical with it.

DIPHTHONGS

α&sci;	Sc. kye, fye; Eng. lie.
a&sci;	Substitute for [α&sci;] in some dialects.
ei, æi	s.Sc. mey (my), sey (sea), dee. See § 103.
&schwa;i, &turnv;i	Sc. pipe, dite (doit), ride, boil, toil. Substitute for [&schwa;i] in pipe in some dialects.
&openo;i and oi Sc. boy, coy (quey), foy, ploy, and in some dialects in pipe, dite, etc. See § § 46, 131.
&sci;u, ju	Sc. heuch, teuch, Eng. duke.
&sci;&turnv;, j&turnv;	em.Sc.(a), wm. Sc. heuch, teuch.
øu	s.Sc. lieuch (low), eneuch.
αu	s.Sc. lauch = [lαux].
&turnv;u	s.Sc. gowk, lowe, bowe (boll), hope.
&openoacute;u	s.Sc. bow (arrow), cowt, dowchter.
&sci;&schwa;	s.Sc. braid, stane, name, shame.
υ&schwa;	s.Sc. born, corn, Rome (family name).

Symbols used to indicate sounds in other languages or dialects to which reference may be made:

&alpharhot;	voiced back fric. Gael. laogh; Ger. lager.
c	breathed front plosive. Hungarian ty. The intermediate sound between k of Sc. knowe and t of Ags. tnowe.
&jstroke;	stop cons. corr. to gy in Bch. [&jstroke;α&schwa;n] = going.
&scr;	uvular trill.
&turnscr;	uvular untrilled r almost equivalent to [&alpharhot;].
&turnm;	high back tense. Gael. laogh.

VOWEL QUANTITY In Sc. the quantity of vowels tends towards medium length with greater freedom than in Sth.Eng. in shortening and lengthening under the influence of neighbouring sounds and the play of feeling. The tense vowels [e, i, o, u, &ortail;, ø,] may, in most dialects, be heard long when they are the last sound in a final accented syllable or when they precede a voiced fricative consonant