INTRODUCTION II SYMBOLS The symbols used to indicate the pronunciation are those recommended by the Société Phonétique Internationale, with a few adaptations to suit the character of our Sc. sound system. The description of the vowel sounds is that given by the late Dr Sweet in his Primer of Phonetics (1906). Key words are added from Scots and from that form of St. Eng. which is used by the majority of education speakers in Scotland.1 This variety is selected because it keeps pure or undiphthongised the long vowel sounds. English of the Southern Standard is indicated by Sth. Eng.2 French, German, Italian and Spanish examples are also cited when necessary. CONSONANTS b, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, z, are used eah with its Eng. value in the following examples:

b as in bid	l as in lull	t as in top
d as in did	m as in me	v as in veil
f as in fan	n as in not	w as in well
g as in go	p as in pill	z as in zone
h as in hit	r as in run
k as in rake, rock	s as in see

The following are additional consonontal symbols necessary for the correct delineation of the other consonantal sounds:

Description		Abbrev.
j	voiced front fricative	v.fr.fric.	Sc. tyach; Eng. you; Ger. jugend.
&crtail;	breathed front fricative	b.fr.fric.	Heard i Sc. before j and after front vowels, hyook or heuk, heich; Eng. hew; after [i] and [&sci;] it has the value of ch in Ger. ich, and after other front vowels it is intermediate in sound between ch in Ger. ich and ch in Sc. loch.
&turny;	voiced front lateral	v.fr.lat.	s.Sc. tailyer; Middle Sc. tailzeour; It. egli; Sp. calle. See § 108.
ŋ	voiced back nasal	v.bk.n.	Sc. gang; Eng. rang.
&nlhook;	voiced front nasal	v.fr.n.	Middle Sc. maling, ring (reign), s.Sc. gaberlunzie, cuinzie (obs.); It. signore; Sp. cañon; Fr. signe.
&turnr;	voiced point fricative	v.p.fric.	Eng. heard; rare in Sc.
&turnrdotbl;	"""retro-flex		With point of tongue turned upward and backward. Common in districts which have been originally Gaelic or in contact with Gaelic speakers.
ð	voiced point-teeth fricative	v.p-t. fric.	Sc. than; Eng. then.
&thgr;	breathed point-teeth fricative	b.p-t. fric.	Sc. thow; Eng. thaw.

1 See Pronunciation of English in Scotland, by W. Grant (1914). 2 See Sweet's Primer of Phonetics; Wyld's Growth of English; D. Jones' The Pronunciation of English.