NORTHERN SCOTS and among other results was the change of O.E. hw into f in the pronominals who, whose, what, when, where, which became fo, fose, faad, fan, far, corresponding very closely to the n.Sc. faa, faa's, fat, fan, faar. See E.E.P., V., pp. 24-31. It is, however, rather curious that old Gaelic areas like Fif. and Gall. do not present this phenomenon. The earliest known examples of the use of [f] for wh in n.Sc. occur in the Abd. Town Council Registers, 12th March 1539, wherefor is used for quhar = where, and 18th April 1539, where phingar is written for quhynggar = whinger. Other examples later in time are these: Walter Cullen's Chronicle of Aberdeen, 1580 (Spald. Club Misc. II. 52), “The fyrst tyme that I, Walter Cullen, reder of Aberdeen, sehit his graice, was the xx day of the said monett of June, 1580 yeris, and that at the woid of Fetteresso, he beand at the huntis with sertane of his lordis; and thair eftir I paist to Dunnottar, fair I beheld his draice [James VI.] at his supar, quhill he paist to his chalmer”; Elg. Rec., Kirk Session, 17th May 1592, phippit [ = whipped]; Trials for Witchcraft, 1597 (Spald. Club Misc. I. 190), forl [ = whorl]; Pitcairn's The Assembly, 1692, fat [ = what]. § 135. In Bch. dialect, especially towards the coast, d replaces th when the latter is followed by the suffix er: thus fader, midder, bridder and breeder, redder, gedder, badder, widder, idder, stand for the Eng. father, mother, brother, rather, gather, bother, weather, other. In some of the words cited above the original sound is d, as in father, mother, O.E. fæder, mōdor. In the pronunciation of d by the people of the coast the tongue is advanced to the teeth. § 136. k and g can still be heard before n, in mn. and nn.Sc., as in knock [kn&openo;k] (a clock), and knock (v.), knievelick (lump), knife, knee, knowe, kneef (alert), knot, gnaw, gnap. § 137. v, v. lip-teeth fric., is used before r instead of w, but chiefly by the older people, as in vricht, vrannie, vratch, vrath, vrocht, for wright (mill), wren, wretch, wrath, wrought. “That peer vratch o' a vricht is vrang, for aa ye've vruttn aboot it.” It once replaced an older w all over mn.Sc. — e.g. blaave or blyaave, shaave, hyaave (gray) (O.E. hæwen, hæwi, hēawi), gnyaave, lavyer, for blow, sow (corn), haw (Sc.), gnaw, lawyer. For other examples see § 141.2. § 137.1. Initial v is often replaced in mn.Sc. by w in much the same way as Dickens' Cockneys used it, but not w by v — e.g. weggyban, weil, wertue, wulipend, weeshion, weshel, for vagabond, veil, virtue, vilipend, vision, vessel. “Yon weggybons o' loons.” “That weeshion o' a cratur.” § 138. th [þ] stands for cht [xt or &crtail;t] in mith, dother, noth (Ross, Helenore, 2nd ed., 1778, p. 92), for might, daughter, nought. Walter Cullen writes douther for daughter in his Chronicle of Abd., 1580. Mith and dother are also current in sn.Sc. and noth survives in proverbs — e.g. in Bch. Wark for noth gets mony maisters, and in U. Banff, It's nae for noth ‘at the gled fustles (Abd. Press and J., 30/1/31.) § 139. Initial th [ð] is dropped in Bch. not only in that (rel.), but in that (dem.), and in this, there, than, as in Cai. This pronunciation except for the relative is dying out, and is generally assigned to coast influence. A similar phenomenon is found in Middle Eng. For examples and probable explanations see M.M.Sc., p. 64. § 140. h, according to Dr Gregor,1 was once used in Cockney fashion in the ne. coast villages. This is still the case amongst the older inhabitants of Fitty (Footdee), Aberdeen, and of Cove on the Mearns coast, and until recently was a marked feature in the schools of these places. § 141. y [j]. v.fr.fric., is often omitted in the spelling, and occurs frequently in mn.Sc. when it is unknown elsewhere. The examples in the following paragraphs are taken from the Bch. district. § 141.1. Words which have normally ai [e or ε] in other dialects hav e [ja:] generally alongside the ai forms — e.g. byaak, cyaaks, cyaarn, cyaard (tinker), fyaak (plaid), lyaag, also yaag (to gossip), peeriemyaks (equals in age), nyaakit, slyaach (bedaub), ryaak, for bake, cakes, cairn, caird, faik, laig, naked, slaich, rake. § 141.2. Words having v for final w (see § 137) often take [j] before — e.g. blyaave, gnyaave, tyaave (taw, a hill, in place-names — e.g. the Llave Cairn), todder-lyaave (rough, outlying field or farm), snyaave for blow, gnaw, law, snow. Yaave, meamng respect, power of keeping in subjection, is of the same origin as Eng. awe. “The maister hiz nae yaave amo’ the scholars (Gregor, Dial. of Bnff., p. 213). Yaave meaning to own is cognate with Eng. owe — e.g. “fa yaavesye?'” or “fa's yaave ye?” = to whom do you belong? (Abd.14). This word is now obsol., aucht or aicht taking its place. The others are not much heard, but are known to most middle-aged speakers and are regarded as curiosities of the dialect of the last generation. Note the Bch. proverb, “A blyaavin fire is a thryaavin fire.” § 141.3. Go in Bch. is gae, gya(ng), gying. Gying becomes dying where d is a sound intermediate between g and d. Dying eventually becomes jing [d&zh.&sci;ŋ] and gya-in becomes jain [d&zh.a:&sci;n]. Hence the sentence “A'm ja'm to jing awa hame” 2 (heard on the Bnffsh. coast and in the neighbourhood of New Pitsligo). 1 See E.E.P., V., p. 777, Notes aud Phrases (2). 2 am ′d&zh.a:m t&schwa; d&zh.&sci;ŋ&schwa;′wa hem.