INTRODUCTION § 60. O.E. ŭ [ŭ or u]; Mod.Sc. m.bk.t. [&turnv;] as in Eng. but. This vowel was short in O.E. and has developed in most of the dialects in a direction quite different from O.E. ū. Curiously enough southern Eng. dialect and Sc. agree in the development of ŭ into the vowel which we find in St.Eng. cut, but — viz. [&turnv;]. § 60. 1. In Sc. many of these O.E. ŭ words have [&sci;, &scirtail;] instead of or along with [&turnv;], as: —

	O.E.	Sc.	St.Eng.
	dunn	din	dun
	hunig	hinnie	honey
	sumor	simmer	summer
	sunne	sin	sun
	sunu	sin	son
	wundor	winner	wonder
	hnutu	nit	nut

§ 60.2. When l was preceded by u the consonant was vocalised and a long oo [u:] was the result — e.g. pull, full became pu', fu' [pu:, fu:], sometimes written poo, foo. See § 78.3. § 61. Romance words with i [&sci; or &scirtail;] instead of [ &turnv;]: cousin, kimmer (commère), cover, couple, onion [′&scirtail;ŋ&schwa;n], supper, stubble, trouble. Consonants. § 62. b is either lost betw cen ml or not developed, as in rummle, thummle, tremmle, crumle, nummer, chaumer, for rumble, thimble, tremble, crumble, number, chamber. § 63. t replaces d in the pa.p. suffix ed and in ppl. adjs. This was the common usage in Middle Sc. Examples in Mod.Sc., stoppit or stopt, jaggit or jaggt, rummlt, for stopped, jagged, rumbled. But then, to sec how ye're negleket, How huff'd, an' cuff'd. an' disrespeket! (Burns, The Twa Dogs.) § 63.1. t also takes the place of d in a few words, not verbs, as ahint, fient, eerant, heelant, for behind, fiend (in exclamations – e.g. fient a ane o' them kent), errand, highland. § 63.2. t is dropped after p and k, as ap, ack, empy, enack, fac, infeck, temp, etc., for apt, act, empty, enact, fact, infect, tempt. § 63.3. t takes the place of th in ordinals, fowrt, fift. § 64. d is frequently absorbed into a preceding n or not developed, except in em.Sc., as bin, fin, ahin, blin (adj. and v.), grin, kin, vaigabin, han, gran, san, men, len, sen, soun, hinner, thunner, canle, trinnle, for bind, find, behind, blind, grind, kind, vagabond, hand, grand, sand, mend, lend, send, sound, hinder, thunder, candle, trundle. § 64.1. d after l is also frequently lost, as taul, saul, haul, caul, faul, mool(s), for told, sold, hold, cold, fold, mould(s). § 65. k was once universally pronounced befor e n. as in knock, knee, knife, kneel, knowe, but the pronunciation is now confined to the North and Insular dialects, and even there it is. disappearing. § 65.1. k takes the place of Eng. ch [t&sh.] in a large number of words — e.g. birk, kirk, kirn, larik, cauf, bick, sic, steek, thak, yeukie, for birch, church, churn, larch, chaff, bitch, such, stitch, thatch, itchy. § 66. g is used before n in the same districts as k, as in gnaw, gnarlish (crabbed), gnapp (snap at), gnaff (stunted creature), gnegum (tricky nature). (Obsol. like k, § 65.) § 66.1. g is also used in some words for dge [d&zh.], as in brig, rig, seg, for bridge, ridge, sedge. § 66.2. g is vocalised after o' with a resulting diphthong — e.g. bow, O.E. boga, lowe (flame), Scand. logi. § 67. s is often replaced by sh [&sh.], especially when the vowel with which it is in contact is a front vowel — e.g. leeshens, minsh, notish, offishers, shinners, shune, veshel, winshey, for licence, mince, notice, officers, cinders, soon, vessel, wincey. § 68. sh, b.a-bl.fric., [&sh.] is replaced by sk in words like skelf, skimmels (Fr.), skair (obsol.), skevel (squint), for shelf, shambles, share, shevel (dial.). § 69. sl is often replaced by scl [skl], the second seeming, in most cases, to add greater emphasis to the expression — e.g. slent — sclent, slate (Fr.) — sclate, slice (Fr.) — sclice, slender — sclender, slype — sclype (a disreputable character), slaffert — sclaffert (a vigorous blow with the flat of the hand), slidder — sclidder, sleutch — scleutch (slouch).